The Generals
J. L. Granatstein
22 min
7 Key Points
4.5 RateWhat's inside?
Dive into the strategic minds of Canada's top military leaders during World War II, and explore their decisions that shaped the course of the war.
You'll learn
1. What tricks did Canada's top generals use in World War II?2. How did these generals lead and make decisions?3. What part did Canada's Army play in World War II?4. What problems did Canada's top generals face and how did they fix them?5. Did these generals change the outcome of the war?6. Why are these generals important even after the war?Key points
01The Dawn of War: The Early Years
The early years of the Canadian Army's senior commanders, as depicted in their biographies, were marked by personal growth, military training, and the shaping of their military philosophies. These formative years played a crucial role in preparing them for the challenges they would face during the Second World War. General Harry Crerar, a native of Hamilton, Ontario, was a product of the Royal Military College in Kingston. His service as a staff officer in the First World War was a significant part of his early military career. This experience provided him with a deep understanding of the intricacies of war, which would later prove invaluable in his leadership role during the Second World War. Lieutenant-General E.L.M. Burns, born in Westmount, Quebec, also graduated from the Royal Military College. His service as a gunner in the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery during the First World War, particularly at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, was instrumental in shaping his military philosophy. The lessons he learned from this battle, such as the importance of meticulous planning and coordination, would guide his decisions in the subsequent global conflict. General Andrew McNaughton, a native of Moosomin, Saskatchewan, brought a unique perspective to the Canadian Army. With a degree in engineering from McGill University, he joined the army during the First World War. His innovative techniques in counter-battery fire significantly contributed to the success of the Canadian Corps. This innovative spirit would continue to be a hallmark of his leadership during the Second World War. The early years of these commanders were also marked by their participation in various military exercises and training programs. These experiences, such as Crerar's time at the Staff College in Camberley, England, and Burns and McNaughton's participation in the Canadian Army Staff Course in Kingston, Ontario, further honed their military skills and strategic thinking. The structure of the Canadian Army during this period, divided into several divisions each led by a senior commander, provided a clear chain of command and specific responsibilities. This structure would prove to be a strength during the Second World War, allowing for efficient coordination and execution of military operations. The international tensions leading up to the Second World War, including the rise of Nazi Germany, the invasion of Poland, and the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, had a profound impact on these commanders. These events not only set the stage for the war but also shaped the strategies and decisions of the Canadian Army's senior commanders. Their early experiences and the geopolitical events of the time combined to prepare them for the challenges they would face in the Second World War. In conclusion, the early years of the Canadian Army's senior commanders were a crucial period of personal growth, military training, and strategic development. These experiences, coupled with the international tensions of the time, prepared them for their roles in the Second World War, shaping their strategies and decisions that would prove pivotal in the conflict.
02The Call to Arms: Canada Enters the War
As the specter of war loomed over the world in the early 1940s, Canada found itself thrust into a state of urgency. The nation's senior commanders, including Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton, Major-General Harry Crerar, and General Guy Simonds, were handed the monumental task of preparing the nation for the impending conflict. Their reactions, ranging from stoic acceptance to grim determination, reflected the gravity of the situation. Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton, as the commander of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, was the first to face the challenge of mobilization. His task was to metamorphose a peacetime army into a formidable wartime force. This was no small feat. It involved not only recruiting and training soldiers, but also procuring and distributing equipment, establishing training camps, and coordinating with other Allied forces. McNaughton's leadership in this critical phase laid the groundwork for Canada's military response. Major-General Harry Crerar, appointed as the Chief of the General Staff, was entrusted with the daunting task of coordinating the overall military strategy. His role required him to liaise with the British and American forces, plan the deployment of Canadian troops, and ensure that the Canadian Army was ready for any eventuality. Crerar's strategic acumen was instrumental in aligning Canada's military efforts with those of its allies. General Guy Simonds, the youngest of the senior commanders, was tasked with training the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. His innovative training methods, which included realistic battle simulations and rigorous physical conditioning, were instrumental in preparing the troops for the harsh realities of war. Simonds' forward-thinking approach to training played a significant role in shaping the Canadian forces into a battle-ready unit. The roles of these commanders extended beyond military preparation. They also had to manage the home front, ensuring that the Canadian public was informed and supportive of the war effort. This involved regular updates to the media, speeches at public events, and liaising with government officials. Their leadership was crucial in maintaining public morale and support during these challenging times. The strategies developed by these commanders were multifaceted. They focused on building a strong infantry, developing a robust artillery, and establishing a capable air force. They also prioritized the development of new technologies, such as radar and advanced weaponry, to give their forces an edge in the conflict. This comprehensive approach to military strategy underscored the Canadian forces' readiness to adapt and innovate in the face of adversity. The mobilization and training of troops were fraught with challenges. There was a shortage of experienced officers, and the vast majority of the soldiers were civilians with no prior military experience. The harsh Canadian winters also posed a significant challenge to training and equipment. Despite these obstacles, the senior commanders were able to successfully mobilize and prepare the Canadian Army for the Second World War. Their leadership and strategic planning were instrumental in shaping Canada's military response to the global conflict, underscoring the nation's resilience and determination in the face of adversity.
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03Baptism by Fire: The Early Battles
04The Tide Turns: Mid-War Strategies and Successes
05The Final Push: Victory and Beyond
06Legacy and Reflection: The Post-War Years
07Conclusion
About J. L. Granatstein
J. L. Granatstein is a Canadian historian specializing in political and military history. A former professor at York University, he has authored numerous books on Canadian history. He is also a former director and CEO of the Canadian War Museum.