United States History
John J. Newman and John M. Schmalbach
38 min
11 Key Points
4.5 RateWhat's inside?
Dive into the rich and complex history of the United States, preparing yourself for advanced placement examinations with comprehensive and detailed content.
You'll learn
1. Get the lowdown on U.S. history, from way back to now.2. Learn about the big stuff and big names that made America.3. How to read old documents and make sense of history.4. Get good at writing about the past.5. Tips to ace the AP U.S. History exam.6. Learn to think critically and analyze, useful for all subjects.Key points
01The New World: Discovery and Colonization
The year 1492 marked a significant turning point in global history, as Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer sponsored by the Spanish monarchy, set sail on a voyage that would lead to the discovery of the New World. This event ignited a period of exploration and colonization by European powers, primarily Spain, England, and France, that would reshape the world in profound ways. The Spanish, led by conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, focused their efforts on the southern regions of the New World. Their expeditions led to the fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires, marking the beginning of Spanish dominance in Central and South America. The wealth extracted from these regions, particularly in the form of gold and silver, significantly bolstered the Spanish economy and solidified Spain's position as a global superpower. Meanwhile, the English established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, marking the beginning of English colonization in North America. This was followed by the establishment of Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts by the Pilgrims in 1620. Over the next century, the English would establish 13 colonies along the eastern seaboard, each with distinct political and social structures. These colonies would later form the foundation of the United States. The arrival of the Europeans had a profound impact on Native American societies. Many tribes were displaced from their ancestral lands, and the introduction of European diseases led to a significant decrease in their population. This marked a tragic chapter in the history of the New World, as the indigenous cultures were forever altered by the arrival of the Europeans. The trans-Atlantic trade, also known as the Triangular Trade, was a significant aspect of this period. It involved the exchange of goods and slaves between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The Middle Passage, the journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas, was a particularly brutal aspect of this trade. This system of trade not only facilitated the exchange of goods but also led to the horrific displacement and enslavement of millions of Africans. The French and Indian War, fought between 1754 and 1763, marked the end of this stage of exploration and colonization. This conflict, part of the larger Seven Years' War, was a struggle for control of North America between the British and French, with various Native American tribes aligning with both sides. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris, which saw the British gaining control of territories previously held by the French. This set the stage for the American Revolution and the birth of a new nation. In conclusion, the discovery and colonization of the New World marked a significant period in global history. It led to the rise of new global powers, the displacement and decimation of indigenous populations, and the establishment of new societies and economies. The repercussions of this period continue to be felt today, underscoring its enduring significance in shaping the world as we know it.
02The Birth of a Nation: The American Revolution
The American Revolution, a monumental period in the annals of United States history, was a crucible of change, a rebellion against oppression, and a testament to the indomitable spirit of a people yearning for self-governance. This transformative era was ignited by a series of events that culminated in the American colonies' uprising against British rule, forever altering the course of history. The Stamp Act of 1765, which levied a direct tax on the colonies, was a significant catalyst for the revolution. This act, seen as an overreach of British authority, was met with widespread resistance, sowing the seeds of discontent among the colonists. The Boston Tea Party in 1773, a defiant protest against the Tea Act, further fanned the flames of rebellion, signaling a growing determination among the colonists to assert their rights. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress, representing the thirteen colonies, adopted the Declaration of Independence. This seminal document, primarily crafted by Thomas Jefferson, boldly proclaimed the colonies' independence from British rule. It was a powerful assertion of the colonies' rights and grievances against King George III, marking a decisive break from the monarchy and setting the stage for the birth of a new nation. The revolution was punctuated by several major battles that shaped its trajectory. The Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775, often referred to as the 'shot heard round the world', marked the first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. The Battle of Saratoga in 1777, a decisive victory for the Americans, was a turning point in the revolution. It not only boosted the morale of the American forces but also convinced France to enter the war as an ally of the United States. The Battle of Yorktown in 1781, where General George Washington's troops, with the aid of French forces, defeated the British, effectively signaled the end of the war. Key figures emerged during this tumultuous period, their contributions instrumental in shaping the course of the revolution. George Washington, as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, led the colonies to victory with his strategic acumen and unwavering resolve. Benjamin Franklin, a statesman and diplomat, played a pivotal role in securing French support for the American cause, thereby tipping the scales in favor of the colonies. Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense" was a beacon of inspiration, influencing public opinion in favor of independence and galvanizing the colonists to rally behind the cause. The revolution concluded with the Treaty of Paris in 1783. This treaty, negotiated by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, officially ended the war and recognized the sovereignty of the United States. It established the boundaries of the new nation and granted Americans the right to settle and trade west of the original thirteen colonies. This marked the birth of a nation, a testament to the resilience, courage, and determination of a people who dared to dream of independence and self-governance. The American Revolution, thus, stands as a pivotal chapter in the narrative of human liberty, its echoes resonating through the corridors of time.
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03Forming a Government: The Constitution and Early Republic
04Expansion and Conflict: The Early 19th Century
05The Civil War and Reconstruction
06The Gilded Age and Progressive Era
07World Wars and the Great Depression
08The Cold War Era and Civil Rights Movement
09The Modern Era: From Reagan to Obama
10The 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities
11Conclusion
About John J. Newman and John M. Schmalbach
John J. Newman and John M. Schmalbach are renowned authors known for their contributions to the field of American history. They have extensive experience in teaching and have authored several textbooks, including the popular AP U.S. History review book, "United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination."